Rayer vs. érafler vs. égratigner vs. griffer
In French, the action of marking or damaging a surface with a sharp object can be expressed by a number of verbs, each with subtle nuances. The verbs 'rayer', 'érafler', 'égratigner' and 'griffer' describe variations of scratching, ranging from light surface marks to deeper abrasions.
Rayer
'Rayer' typically means to make straight, often thin lines on a surface, sometimes with the intention of marking or damaging it.
Il a accidentellement rayé la peinture de la voiture avec la clé.
(He accidentally scratched the car's paint with the key.)
Je ne veux pas rayer le sol avec ces chaussures.
(I don't want to scratch the floor with these shoes.)
Érafler
'Érafler' means to scrape or scratch lightly, often affecting only the surface layer.
Elle s'est éraflée le genou en tombant.
(She grazed her knee when she fell.)
Cet objet pointu peut facilement érafler la table en bois.
(This sharp object can easily scuff the wooden table.)
Égratigner
'Égratigner' refers to scratching in a way that is slightly deeper than 'érafler', possibly breaking the skin or seriously marking a surface.
Le chat m'a égratigné le bras quand j'ai essayé de le porter.
(The cat scratched my arm when I tried to pick him up.)
En grimpant l'arbre, il a égratigné la surface du tronc.
(Climbing the tree, he scratched the surface of the trunk.)
Griffer
'Griffer' often implies the use of claws (or similar pointed objects) to make scratches, emphasizing the action or effect of an animal's claws.
Mon chat aime griffer le canapé pour aiguiser ses griffes.
(My cat loves to claw at the sofa to sharpen his claws.)
Vous devez couper les ongles du chien pour éviter qu'il ne griffe les visiteurs.
(You need to trim the dog's nails to prevent it from scratching visitors.)
Summary
While 'rayer', 'érafler', 'égratigner' and 'griffer' all describe different forms of scratching, each word has its own specific application. 'Rayer' focuses on linear scratches, 'érafler' on light scratches, 'égratigner' suggests deeper scratches and 'griffer' is specifically associated with the action of claws.