Manifestación vs. protesta vs. marcha
While 'manifestación', 'protesta', and 'marcha' can all be translated into English as forms of demonstration or protest, these Spanish terms each have their unique connotations and usage in certain contexts.
Manifestación
A public gathering of people expressing their opinion or desire. It is typically peaceful and involves walking through the streets with banners, placards, chants, etc.
La manifestación fue pacífica en su mayoría.
(The demonstration was mostly peaceful.)
Se organiza una manifestación contra la violencia de género.
(A demonstration against gender violence is being organized.)
Protesta
An explicit expression of disapproval or objection. A protesta generally implies a stronger opposition than a manifestación, often involving disruptive action.
La gente realiza una protesta pacífica ante el gobierno.
(The people are conducting a peaceful protest against the government.)
Los estudiantes organizan una protesta sobre el aumento de las tasas de matrícula universitaria.
(The students are organizing a protest over the increase in university tuition fees.)
Marcha
It refers more to the act of physically moving in support or against an issue. Usually involves a group following a predetermined route.
La marcha por los derechos civiles fue un acontecimiento importante.
(The march for civil rights was an important event.)
Los trabajadores están organizando una marcha hacia la casa del gobierno.
(The workers are organizing a march towards the government house.)
Summary
'Manifestación', 'protesta', and 'marcha' denote different aspects of public demonstrations. In general, a 'manifestación' is a gathering aimed at expressing an opinion, typically in a peaceful manner. A 'protesta', however, implies a stronger disagreement and can involve more disruptive actions. A 'marcha' emphasizes the physical movement aspect of such demonstrations, usually involving a group following a set route.